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Development

After leaving Tactics under Nexton, most of the team that had been involved with One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e formed the company Key sometime in 1998. Key's first project once under the publishing company Visual Art's was Kanon. The planning for the visual novel was headed by Jun Maeda, and Naoki Hisaya who were also the two writers for the scenario used in the game.[9] Art direction was headed by Key's well-known artist Itaru Hinoue who worked on the character design and computer graphics.[9] Further computer graphics were split between three people — Din, Miracle ☆ Mikipon, Shinory — and background art was provided by Torino.[10] The music in the game was composed primarily by OdiakeS and Shinji Orito. After the completion of Kanon, two of the main staff — Naoki Hisaya, and OdiakeS — left Key to pursue a similar line of work in other visual novel studios.[11]

Kanon original video game cover.
Kanon original video game cover.

Release history

Kanon was first introduced to the public in Japan on June 4, 1999, playable only for the PC as a CD-ROM. It retailed for 8,800 yen (approx. US$74.18) prior to tax.[12] The next year was followed by two separate releases: an all-ages version released on January 7, 2000 and the first consumer console port of the game for the Sega Dreamcast on September 14, 2000. The second consumer port for the PlayStation 2 was released on February 28, 2002, retailing for 7,140 yen (approx. US$60.22), and featured different cover art for the disk case. After the PS2 game sold enough units, two years later, on December 22, 2004, a cheaper version for the PS2 also known as the "Best Version" went on sale for 3,129 yen (approx. US$26.39).

The Kanon Standard Edition was released on November 26, 2004 with added support for Windows 2000/XP as a DVD-ROM. Only this version and the original release contained pornographic scenes. Three months later, on January 28, 2005, the same game was released with the hentai content removed. The Standard Edition retailed for 2,800 yen (approx. US$23.61) before tax.[13] A PSP version of the game went on sale in Japan on February 15, 2007 retailing at 4,800 yen (approx. US$40.21) before tax. The first release of the PSP version came with a special DVD featuring a message from five of the voice actors and a recompiled opening video from the video game version.[14] The five voice actors on the DVD included: Mariko Kōda as Nayuki Minase, Akemi Satō as Shiori Misaka, Mayumi Iizuka as Makoto Sawatari, Yūko Minaguchi as Akiko Minase, and Tomokazu Sugita as Yuichi Aizawa. Yui Horie as Ayu Tsukimiya voiced the short introduction of the DVD, but was not featured in the contents of the DVD itself. A version playable on FOMA and SoftBank 3G mobile phones was released by Prototype through Visual Art's Motto in May 2007.[15]

Adaptations

Makoto's novel, the fourth in the series.
Makoto's novel, the fourth in the series.

Light novels

There have been five light novels written by Mariko Shimizu and published by Paradigm which were released in Japan between December 1999 and August 2000. The cover art and internal illustrations were drawn by Itaru Hinoue, the artist who drew the artwork in the visual novel. The basis for each novel was one of each of the five heroines and had titles that were taken from the musical themes pertaining to each character in the original game. The first released was Girl in the Snow (雪の少女 Yuki no Shōjo?, Nayuki), in December 1999. Later that same month Beyond the Smile (笑顔の向こう側に Egao no Mukougawa ni?, Shiori) was released becoming the second in the series. The third was Girl's Prison (少女の檻 Shōjo no Ori?, Mai) released in April 2000 and the fourth novel was entitled the fox and the grapes (Makoto), released two months later. The final novel entitled A Sunny City (日溜りの街 Hidamari no Machi?, Ayu) was released in August 2000.[16]

Drama CDs

There are three complete sets of drama CDs based on Kanon, containing five CDs each, for a total of fifteen CDs; these drama CDs were released over the course of three years, between September 29, 2000 and April 26, 2003.[17] The first two sets focused on each heroine separately per CD; the cover of the album would depict which of the girls was to be presented. The third set did not follow this format, but instead were anthology drama CDs which depicted Akiko Minase on the cover of the albums in this set.

First Kanon manga volume 1.
First Kanon manga volume 1.

Manga

The first Kanon manga was serialized in the Japanese manga magazine Dengeki Daioh on October 21, 2000, running until May 21, 2002.[18] The individual chapters were later collected into two separate volumes published by MediaWorks under their Dengeki Comics label.[19] The story was adapted from the visual novel version that preceded it, and was illustrated by Petit Morishima. There were six chapters in total, three in each volume. Aside from the prologue in volume one and the epilogue in volume two, the other four chapters concern four of the main heroines. From chapters one through four, the main heroines presented are: Shiori Misaka, Makoto Sawatari, Mai Kawasumi and Ayu Tsukimiya. To make up for Nayuki not getting a chapter of her own, the story is altered in that Nayuki is in most of the scenes Yuichi is in.[20][21] The first manga is different than the visual novel in that Shiori's, Makoto's, and Mai's stories are not told in their entirety. Near the end of each of these girls' stories were originally intended to give the viewer the remaining answers, but the manga version ends these girls' stories prematurely.[20][21] This was due to the manga putting more focus on Ayu's story.

The second manga, under the main title Kanon: The Real Feelings of the Other Side of the Smiling Face (Kanon ホントの想いは笑顔の向こう側に Kanon Honto no Omoi wa Egao no Mukōgawa ni?) with the subtitle each regret of Kanon, was serialized between June 29, 2006 and October 20, 2007 in the Japanese manga magazine Dragon Age Pure published by Fujimi Shobo.[22][23] The story was adapted from the visual novel version that preceded it, and was illustrated by Kensha Shimotsuki. The first bound volume was released in Japan on April 1, 2007 and focused on Nayuki's story. There were five chapters in volume one, starting with a forty-six-page chapter one, followed by two smaller extra chapters twelve pages long each. Chapter four was forty pages long, followed by a six page epilogue. The second bound volume will be released on December 8, 2007 and focuses on the other four heroines.[24] There are four chapters in volume two, one for each of the other heroines not featuring in volume one, starting with Makoto's thirty-eight-page chapter, followed by Mai's with eighteen pages, Shiori's with twenty, and finally Ayu's with forty-eight pages.

There have also been many releases of manga anthologies produced by different companies and drawn by a multitude of different artists. The first volume of the earliest anthology series, released by Ichijinsha under the title Kanon Comic Anthology, was released on November 25, 2000 under their DNA Manga Comics label. Volumes for this series continued to be released for another two years, ending on December 26, 2002 with the fourteenth volume; an additional fifteenth volume was released later on February 24, 2006. Ichijinsha also released two more volumes of anthology collections of four-panel comic strips entitled Kanon 4-koma Kings on April 25, 2001 and June 25, 2001. The second anthology was released in a single volume by Softgarage on December 20, 2002 entitled Kanon Anthology Comic. On April 17, 2004, Ohzora released an anthology comprising of works based on both Kanon and Air entitled Haru Urara: Kanon & Air. Between April 17, 2004 and August 18, 2004, Ohzora also released five separate volumes of manga based on Kanon drawn by five separate artists. Ohzora later collected some of the previously published manga anthologies into two volumes entitled Kanon Anthology Comics Best Selection released on December 26, 2006 and January 31, 2007.[25] Additionally, Ohzora released another thirteen volumes of an anthology series entitled Kanon under their Twin Heart Comics label.[26] The now-bankrupt published Raporto also released sixteen manga anthology volumes entitled Kanon under their Raporto Comics label.[26] The last manga anthology, a collection of four-panel comic strips released in a single volume by Enterbrain entitled Magi-Cu 4-koma Kanon, was released on January 29, 2007 under their MC Comics label. Each of the anthology series are written and drawn by an average of twenty people per volume.[27]

Anime

Comparison between the first (top row) and second (bottom row) anime versions of Nayuki and Ayu.
Comparison between the first (top row) and second (bottom row) anime versions of Nayuki and Ayu.
 

Kanon was first adapted into an anime in 2002, followed by a single original video animation in 2003, and finally a separate adaptation created in 2006. With the conclusion of the second anime adaptation, there are thirty-eight episodes related to the Kanon anime.

The first Kanon anime was made by the Japanese animation studio Toei Animation and aired in Japan between January 31, 2002, and March 28, 2002 spanning a total of thirteen episodes. Later, a single original video animation entitled Kanon Kazahana was released on May 3, 2003. The original anime used the songs "florescence" and "flower" for the opening and ending themes respectively. While it did not appear as the ending theme in the first twelve episodes or in the OVA, the game's ending theme "Where the Wind Reaches" was used as the ending theme for the series in episode thirteen.[28] Additionally, the game's opening theme "Last regrets" is played near the end of episode thirteen during the flashback scene.[28]

Starting in 2006, Kyoto Animation, the animators of another Key game-turned-anime, Air, decided to animate a new adaptation of Kanon. This 2006-2007 version aired between October 5, 2006 and March 15, 2007 on the Japanese television broadcasting station BS-i, containing twenty-four episodes. In a magazine published interview, studio producers stated that the primary reason for considering animating another Kanon anime was largely in part due to Kyoto's Air anime being well-received by viewers. In the second episode of Air, in fact, the studio procured the rights and the original voice actors to give Ayu, Nayuki and Makoto a cameo as Kano Kirishima's school friends. Consequently, Kyoto Animation received numerous phone calls from viewers expressing their desire for the studio to animate Kanon. ADV Films announced on September 21, 2007 at the Anime Weekend Atlanta anime convention that they have officially licensed the second Kanon anime series.[1] ADV had previously posted a trailer for the series in August 2007, but was soon taken offline once the news had been spread on the Internet.[29] The first English-dubbed episode was made available via streaming online at Anime News Network between December 23, 2007 and December 30, 2007.[30][31]

The second TV Kanon animation features the same voice acting cast as the original version released in 2002, with the exception of Yuichi and Kuze. This version is longer at twenty-four episodes instead of the previous thirteen, and has updated animation quality. Unlike the first anime, the actual theme songs from the Kanon game are used for the second anime's opening theme, ending theme and soundtrack. There is one song featured as an insert song in episode sixteen that did not come from the visual novel. It was entitled "Last regrets -X'mas floor style-" from I've Sound's first album Regret. Other songs are used from the arrange albums released over the years, such as Anemoscope, Recollections and Re-feel.

Reception and sales

"Kanon was considered by many as the best PC bishōjo game of 1999."[32] The first PS2 release in 2002 was reviewed by the Japanese video game magazine Famitsu. The game received an overall score of 29/40 (out of the four individual review scores of 7, 8, 7, and 7).[33] The Kanon Standard Edition was positively reviewed at visual-novels.net, commenting: "From the amazingly beautiful opening of the game, through the long storyline for each character, to the wonderfully upbeat ending, this game is a marvel."[34] In the October 2007 issue of Dengeki G's Magazine, poll results for the fifty best bishōjo games were released. Out of 249 titles, Kanon ranked fifth with seventy-one votes.

According to a national ranking of how well bishōjo games sold nationally in Japan, the original Kanon release for the PC premiered at number two in the ranking.[36] Three years later in June 2002, the original release ranked in again at forty-five, and then again at forty-six the following two weeks. The original release also made the ranking after that at number forty-one in early July 2002.[37] The Kanon Standard Edition premiered at number sixteen in the rankings.[38] The Kanon Standard Edition remained on the top fifty list for the next two months, achieving the rankings of forty-seven and thirty-five. The all-ages version of the Kanon Standard Edition premiered at number forty-two on the national ranking, went up to thirty-five the next month, and did not appear on the rankings after that. The Dreamcast port sold 42,379 units in the first week and was the fourth top selling console game in Japan for that week.[41] The Dreamcast version sold 49,047 units in total and is ranked the fifty-seventh highest selling Japanese Dreamcast game. Since its initial release, Kanon has sold over 300,000 units, not counting the PSP release.

Characters from Kanon have appeared in several other dōjin games not directly based on the Kanon series such as the Eternal Fighter Zero game by Twilight Frontier where most of the playable characters either came from Kanon or from an earlier Key game entitled One.The dōjin game Glove on Fight featured at least two Kanon characters: Ayu Tsukimiya and Akiko Minase in a fighting style game along with various other characters taken from other media. The character Ayu Tsukimiya in particular is known to be extremely popular. In fact, Ayu "has had more appearances outside of the original Kanon than any other anime or H-game character ever," states the Kanon information page on the website hentai.co.uk.

Five days before the first PS2 release for Kanon, a PlayStation 2 printer called Tapis MPR-505 went on sale which enabled the user to print out game screens. Kanon was one of the three games supported at launch, the other two being America Ōden Ultra Quiz from DigiCube and Marle de Jigsaw from Nippon Ichi Software.

 

 

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